Experimental Methods and Clinical Application Research of Green Tea Extract in Cancer Adjuvant Therapy: Data Analysis and Experimental Cases Based on Multiple Cancer Types
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Experimental Methods and Clinical Application Research of Green Tea Extract in Cancer Adjuvant Therapy: Data Analysis and Experimental Cases Based on Multiple Cancer Types
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green tea extract, cancer adjuvant therapy, plant extract, antitumor mechanism, liver cancer cell experiment, breast cancer research, EGCG, apoptosis, pharmaceutical ingredient buyers, supplement ingredients, preclinical research, tumor suppression, natural anticancer components, phytochemicals, Blue Eyes Biotech, B2B ingredient supply, procurement officers, small and medium-sized enterprises, startup companies, traders, pharmaceutical intermediates, dietary supplements, experimental data, efficacy analysis
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This article systematically reviews the experimental methods and research data of green tea extract in the adjuvant therapy of liver cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, and leukemia. By analyzing experimental method cases such as MTT assay, flow cytometry, and Comet assay, the antitumor mechanisms of green tea extract are revealed. Blue Eyes Biotech Co., Ltd, as a professional plant extract supplier, provides high-purity standardized green tea extract, offering research-grade raw material support for supplement and pharmaceutical ingredient buyers. Small and medium-sized enterprises, startup companies, and traders are welcome to discuss cooperation. Email: [email protected] Website: www.blueeyes-bio.com WhatsApp: +66840769830
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Experimental Methods and Clinical Application Research of Green Tea Extract in Cancer Adjuvant Therapy: Data Analysis and Experimental Cases Based on Multiple Cancer Types
Abstract
Green tea extract, as an important representative of natural plant extracts, has received widespread attention for its anticancer activity in recent years. This article systematically reviews the experimental methods and research data of green tea extract in the field of adjuvant therapy for malignant tumors such as liver cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, and leukemia. By analyzing experimental method cases including MTT colorimetric assay, flow cytometry, Comet assay, Annexin V/PI double staining, and Western blotting, the multiple antitumor mechanisms of green tea extract inducing tumor cell apoptosis, arresting cell cycle, inhibiting angiogenesis, and regulating signaling pathways are deeply explored. Research data show that the IC50 value of green tea extract on HepG2 liver cancer cells is 27.3 μg/ml, inducing 37.32% of cells to undergo apoptosis; in breast cancer research, green tea extract can reduce HGF levels by 12.7% and VEGF by 11.5%; for prostate cancer DU-145 cells, the IC50 value of green tea extract is 107.1 μg/ml. Blue Eyes Biotech Co., Ltd has long been committed to the research, development, and production of high-purity standardized green tea extract, providing high-quality plant extracts for global supplement and pharmaceutical ingredient buyers. This article aims to provide scientific research data support for green tea extract in the field of cancer adjuvant therapy for small and medium-sized enterprises, startup companies, and traders, assisting in product development and market expansion.
Keywords: green tea extract; cancer adjuvant therapy; plant extract; antitumor mechanism; EGCG; experimental methods; apoptosis; signaling pathways
1. Introduction
As the second leading cause of death globally, cancer incidence and mortality rates continue to rise, imposing a heavy disease burden on human society. Although traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy have improved survival rates for cancer patients to some extent, their lack of selective mechanisms often leads to severe systemic toxicity and adverse reactions, limiting their long-term application. Therefore, searching for efficient and low-toxicity natural adjuvant therapy agents has become a hotspot in cancer research.
Green tea extract originates from the leaves of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis), a species of the Theaceae family. Its main active components are catechin compounds, among which epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant and biologically active polyphenol. Research shows that green tea extract possesses various biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular protection, and neuroprotection, particularly demonstrating great potential in the anticancer field. Green tea extract regulates multiple signaling pathways, inhibits tumor cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, arrests the cell cycle, and inhibits angiogenesis and metastasis, showing significant inhibitory effects on various cancers.
Blue Eyes Biotech Co., Ltd, as a professional plant extract supplier, has long been dedicated to the research, development, and production of high-purity standardized green tea extract. We deeply understand the strict quality requirements of supplement and pharmaceutical ingredient buyers, and have therefore established a comprehensive quality control system to ensure that each batch of green tea extract has stable active ingredient content and meets international standards for heavy metals and pesticide residues. By systematically reviewing the experimental methods and research data of green tea extract in the field of cancer adjuvant therapy, this article aims to provide scientific support for small and medium-sized enterprises, startup companies, and traders, assisting them in developing market-competitive cancer adjuvant therapy products.
2. Main Active Components and Anticancer Mechanisms of Green Tea Extract
2.1 Chemical Composition Analysis of Green Tea Extract
Green tea extract is rich in polyphenolic compounds, with catechins accounting for 60%-80% of total polyphenol content. The main catechins include epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epicatechin (EC). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis shows that EGCG is the most abundant catechin in green tea extract, with content reaching 552.2 ± 10.61 mg/g dry weight, while EC content is the lowest, approximately 118.08 ± 9.45 mg/g dry weight.
Blue Eyes Biotech Co., Ltd produces green tea extract using advanced extraction processes, ensuring that the main active ingredient EGCG content remains stable above 98%. Our green tea extract undergoes strict quality testing, with each batch providing detailed Certificates of Analysis (COA), offering reliable raw material assurance for pharmaceutical ingredient buyers and supplement manufacturers.
2.2 Multi-Target Anticancer Mechanisms of Green Tea Extract
The anticancer effects of green tea extract exhibit multi-target and multi-pathway characteristics. Research indicates that green tea extract exerts anticancer activity mainly through the following mechanisms:
1. Inducing Apoptosis: Green tea extract can induce tumor cell apoptosis through both mitochondrial and death receptor pathways. EGCG can upregulate the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax, downregulate the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, activate the caspase cascade, ultimately leading to cell apoptosis.
2. Arresting Cell Cycle: Green tea extract can arrest tumor cells in G1 phase or G2/M phase by regulating the expression of cell cycle-related proteins. Flow cytometry analysis shows that HepG2 liver cancer cells treated with green tea extract exhibit significant G1 phase arrest, with 37.32% of cells entering the sub-G1 apoptotic peak.
3. Inhibiting Angiogenesis: Green tea extract can inhibit the expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), reducing tumor neovascularization, thereby cutting off the nutritional supply to tumors.
4. Regulating Signaling Pathways: Green tea extract exerts antitumor effects by inhibiting the activation of multiple oncogenic signaling pathways including STAT3, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB.
5. Dual Antioxidant and Pro-oxidant Effects: Green tea extract can both scavenge free radicals to exert antioxidant effects and, under certain conditions, generate ROS to induce tumor cell apoptosis, exhibiting concentration-dependent dual effects.
3. Experimental Methods and Data Analysis of Green Tea Extract in Liver Cancer Adjuvant Therapy
3.1 Experimental Design and Methods
Research published by Hanna and colleagues systematically evaluated the antitumor activity of green tea extract on the human liver cancer HepG2 cell line. The main experimental methods in this study included:
3.1.1 Cell Culture and Treatment
Human liver cancer HepG2 cells and human normal lung fibroblasts WI-38 were cultured in DMEM medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum in a 37°C, 5% CO2 incubator. Green tea extract was dissolved in DMSO and cells were treated with different concentrations (0-100 μg/ml) for 24-72 hours.
3.1.2 MTT Assay for Cell Viability
HepG2 cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 1×10^4 cells per well. After 24 hours of culture, different concentrations of green tea extract were added and cells were cultured for an additional 24, 48, and 72 hours. Twenty microliters of MTT solution (5 mg/ml) were added to each well. After 4 hours of continued culture, the supernatant was discarded, 150 μl of DMSO was added to dissolve formazan crystals, and absorbance was measured at 570 nm wavelength. Cell viability (%) = (OD value of treatment group / OD value of control group) × 100. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of green tea extract on HepG2 cells was calculated from the dose-response curve.
3.1.3 Comet Assay for DNA Damage Detection
After HepG2 cells were treated with green tea extract for 24 hours, cells were collected and mixed with low melting point agarose, then spread onto slides. After cell lysis, electrophoresis was performed under alkaline conditions (25V, 300 mA, 30 minutes). After neutralization, cells were stained with ethidium bromide and observed under a fluorescence microscope. DNA damage extent was quantitatively analyzed by tail moment and percentage of tail DNA.
3.1.4 Acridine Orange Staining for Apoptosis Detection
After green tea extract treatment, HepG2 cells were washed with PBS, then acridine orange staining solution (100 μg/ml) was added and incubated at room temperature in the dark for 10 minutes. Morphological changes in cell nuclei were observed under a fluorescence microscope; apoptotic cells showed nuclear chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and apoptotic body formation.
3.1.5 Flow Cytometry Analysis of Cell Cycle and Apoptosis
HepG2 cells treated with green tea extract were collected and fixed in 70% ethanol overnight at 4°C. After PBS washing, propidium iodide (PI) staining solution (50 μg/ml) containing RNase A was added and incubated at room temperature in the dark for 30 minutes. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell cycle distribution and the proportion of sub-G1 apoptotic cells.
3.1.6 Western Blotting for Protein Expression Detection
Total protein was extracted from HepG2 cells treated with green tea extract, and protein concentration was determined by BCA method. Equal amounts of protein were separated by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and transferred to PVDF membranes. After blocking, membranes were incubated with corresponding primary antibodies (anti-Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, caspase-9, Cyclin D1, CDK4, etc.) overnight at 4°C. After washing, membranes were incubated with HRP-labeled secondary antibodies, and protein bands were detected by ECL chemiluminescence method, with β-actin as internal control for semi-quantitative analysis.
3.2 Research Data and Results Analysis
3.2.1 Proliferation Inhibitory Effect of Green Tea Extract on Liver Cancer Cells
MTT assay results showed that green tea extract had a significant proliferation inhibitory effect on HepG2 liver cancer cells, in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. After 24, 48, and 72 hours of treatment, the IC50 values of green tea extract were 27.3 μg/ml, 18.6 μg/ml, and 12.4 μg/ml, respectively. Notably, green tea extract showed lower toxicity to normal WI-38 cells, with cell viability remaining above 80% even at a high concentration of 100 μg/ml, indicating that green tea extract has good selective cytotoxicity.
3.2.2 DNA Damage Induced by Green Tea Extract in Liver Cancer Cells
Comet assay results showed that HepG2 cells treated with green tea extract exhibited typical comet-like images, characterized by bright heads and trailing tails. Compared with the control group, the tail moment and percentage of tail DNA in the green tea extract treatment group were significantly increased (P < 0.01), indicating that green tea extract can induce DNA damage in liver cancer cells. DNA damage is an important signal triggering cell apoptosis, providing direct evidence for the anticancer mechanism of green tea extract.
3.2.3 Apoptosis Induced by Green Tea Extract in Liver Cancer Cells
Acridine orange staining showed that HepG2 cells treated with green tea extract exhibited typical apoptotic morphological changes, including nuclear chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and apoptotic body formation. Flow cytometry analysis further confirmed that the proportion of sub-G1 apoptotic cells in the green tea extract treatment group reached 37.32%, compared to only 2.15% in the control group (P < 0.001).
3.2.4 Effect of Green Tea Extract on Cell Cycle
Cell cycle analysis showed that green tea extract treatment caused G1 phase arrest in HepG2 cells. Compared with the control group, the proportion of G1 phase cells in the treatment group increased from 45.3% to 68.7%, while the proportions of S phase and G2/M phase cells decreased correspondingly (P < 0.05). Western blotting results showed that green tea extract downregulated the expression of Cyclin D1 and CDK4, which may be the molecular mechanism of G1 phase arrest.
3.2.5 Regulation of Apoptosis-Related Proteins by Green Tea Extract
Western blotting analysis showed that in HepG2 cells treated with green tea extract, the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax was upregulated, while the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was downregulated, resulting in a significant increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Meanwhile, the expression levels of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9 were elevated, indicating that green tea extract induces apoptosis in liver cancer cells through the mitochondrial pathway.
3.3 Conclusion and Clinical Significance
The above research data indicate that green tea extract selectively inhibits liver cancer cell proliferation through mechanisms including inducing DNA damage, arresting the cell cycle at G1 phase, and activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, while showing low toxicity to normal cells. These findings provide experimental evidence for the application of green tea extract as a liver cancer adjuvant therapy agent. The researchers suggest that future animal model experiments should be conducted to further validate the in vivo antitumor effects of green tea extract.
Blue Eyes Biotech Co., Ltd provides standardized green tea extract that has been verified by third-party testing institutions to have stable EGCG content above 98%, with heavy metals, pesticide residues, and other indicators meeting US, European, and international standards, making it an ideal raw material for liver cancer adjuvant therapy product development. Pharmaceutical ingredient buyers, supplement manufacturers, and traders are welcome to inquire and discuss cooperation.
4. Experimental Methods and Data Analysis of Green Tea Extract in Breast Cancer Adjuvant Therapy
4.1 Study on the Effects of Green Tea Extract on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has the poorest prognosis among breast cancer subtypes, and currently lacks effective targeted therapeutic drugs. Research by Raad and colleagues explored the inhibitory effects of green tea extract on triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells.
4.1.1 Experimental Methods
MTT assay was used to detect the proliferation inhibitory effect of green tea extract on MDA-MB-231 cells; Annexin V/PI double staining combined with flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis; JC-1 staining was used to detect changes in mitochondrial membrane potential; DCFH-DA probe was used to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels; immunofluorescence staining was used to detect cancer stem cell (CSC) marker expression.
4.1.2 Research Data
Results showed that green tea extract had a significant proliferation inhibitory effect on MDA-MB-231 cells, with a 24-hour IC50 value of 45.3 μg/ml. Annexin V/PI staining showed that in the green tea extract treatment group, the proportion of early apoptotic cells increased from 2.1% in the control group to 28.7%, and the proportion of late apoptotic cells increased from 1.3% to 15.4% (P < 0.001). JC-1 staining showed that green tea extract treatment led to a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, with the red/green fluorescence ratio decreasing from 2.8 to 1.2, indicating impaired mitochondrial function. ROS level detection showed that intracellular ROS levels increased to 3.5 times that of the control group after green tea extract treatment, suggesting that oxidative stress is involved in the apoptosis induction process.
More notably, green tea extract also showed inhibitory effects on cancer stem cells. Immunofluorescence staining showed that after green tea extract treatment, the proportion of ALDH1-positive cells decreased from 15.3% to 4.2%, and the proportion of CD44+/CD24- cells decreased from 8.7% to 2.1% (P < 0.01), indicating that green tea extract can target and eliminate cancer stem cells.
4.1.3 Combination Drug Study
This study also evaluated the combined application effects of green tea extract with chemotherapy drugs cisplatin and paclitaxel. Results showed that when green tea extract was combined with cisplatin, cell viability decreased from 52.3% with cisplatin alone to 28.7%; when combined with paclitaxel, cell viability decreased from 48.6% with paclitaxel alone to 25.4% (P < 0.01). Isobologram analysis showed that the combination index (CI) for all combinations was less than 1, indicating that green tea extract has a synergistic effect with chemotherapy drugs.
4.2 Clinical Study of Green Tea Extract in Hormone Receptor-Negative Breast Cancer
Crew and colleagues conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled Phase IB clinical trial to evaluate changes in biomarkers in hormone receptor-negative breast cancer patients treated with green tea extract (Polyphenon E).
4.2.1 Experimental Design
The study enrolled 40 patients with Stage I-III hormone receptor-negative breast cancer, randomly assigned to green tea extract group (n=30) and placebo group (n=10). Patients in the green tea extract group received daily oral doses of 400 mg, 600 mg, or 800 mg of green tea extract for 6 months. Blood and urine samples were collected at baseline, 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months to detect biomarkers including growth factors, blood lipids, oxidative damage, and inflammation.
4.2.2 Research Data
Results showed that at 2 months of treatment, serum hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) levels in the green tea extract group decreased by 12.7% from baseline, while the placebo group showed a 6.3% increase, with a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.04). Serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in the green tea extract group decreased by 11.5% at 2 months (P = 0.02) and by 13.9% at 4 months (P = 0.05), but did not reach statistical significance compared to the placebo group. Additionally, serum cholesterol levels in the green tea extract group showed a decreasing trend at 2 months (P = 0.08). No significant changes were observed in other biomarkers.
4.2.3 Conclusion
The researchers suggested that green tea extract may exert anticancer effects by regulating growth factor signaling pathways, angiogenesis, and lipid metabolism. These findings provide clinical evidence supporting the application of green tea extract in breast cancer adjuvant therapy.
4.3 Mechanism Study of Green Tea Extract Inhibiting Breast Cancer Through STAT Pathway
A review by Murugavel and colleagues systematically summarized the mechanisms by which green tea extract inhibits breast cancer through STAT signaling pathways.
4.3.1 Role of STAT Pathway in Breast Cancer
The STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) signaling pathway, particularly STAT3 and STAT5, plays a key role in the occurrence and development of breast cancer. After activation by cytokines and growth factors such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), STAT proteins undergo phosphorylation, dimerization, and translocation to the nucleus, regulating the expression of genes related to cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, and immune escape. Abnormal activation of the STAT pathway is closely associated with breast cancer invasiveness and treatment resistance.
4.3.2 Inhibitory Effect of Green Tea Extract on STAT Pathway
Research shows that EGCG in green tea extract can effectively inhibit STAT3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, thereby downregulating the expression of STAT3 target genes (such as Cyclin D1, Bcl-xL, Survivin, VEGF, etc.). EGCG intervenes in STAT signaling through the following mechanisms:
1. Inhibiting JAK Kinase Activity: EGCG can interact with the ATP-binding domain of JAK kinases, inhibiting JAK-mediated STAT phosphorylation.
2. Inducing SHP-1 Expression: SHP-1 is a negative regulator of STAT signaling; EGCG can upregulate SHP-1 expression, promoting STAT3 dephosphorylation.
3. Interfering with STAT3 Dimerization: EGCG can directly bind to STAT3 protein, interfering with its dimerization and nuclear translocation.
4. Inhibiting STAT3-DNA Binding: EGCG can reduce the binding ability of STAT3 to target gene promoter regions.
4.3.3 Clinical Translation Prospects
Although green tea extract shows great potential in regulating the STAT pathway, clinical translation still faces challenges, including individual variability in treatment response, optimal dosing regimens, and bioavailability issues. Future research needs to further clarify the dose-effect relationship of green tea extract, develop new formulations to improve bioavailability, and validate its therapeutic effects through rigorously designed clinical trials.
Blue Eyes Biotech Co., Ltd's green tea extract adopts advanced standardized production processes to ensure stable EGCG content and minimal batch-to-batch variation, providing reliable raw material assurance for breast cancer adjuvant therapy product development. We can provide customers with detailed technical information and customized formulation support, helping small and medium-sized enterprises and startup companies quickly launch market-competitive products.
5. Experimental Methods and Data Analysis of Green Tea Extract in Gynecological Cancer Adjuvant Therapy
5.1 Study on the Effects of Green Tea Extract on Ovarian Cancer
A meta-analysis by He and colleagues systematically evaluated the role of green tea extract in female hormone-dependent cancers, including ovarian cancer.
5.1.1 Research Methods
This meta-analysis searched relevant studies published between 1998 and 2024 in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases, ultimately including 20 eligible studies. Hedge's g was used as the effect size indicator to evaluate the effects of green tea extract, green tea polyphenol-enriched products, and EGCG on tumor growth indicators in mouse and rat models of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and endometrial cancer.
5.1.2 Research Data
Meta-analysis results showed that green tea extract treatment significantly reduced tumor volume (Hedge's g = -2.332, 95% CI = -3.067 to -1.596, p = 0.000) and tumor weight (Hedge's g = -2.105, 95% CI = -2.746 to -1.463, p = 0.000). Subgroup analysis showed that green tea extract and EGCG had significant inhibitory effects on breast cancer and ovarian cancer, but the inhibitory effect of EGCG on uterine cancer did not reach statistical significance.
5.2 Study on the Effects of Green Tea Extract on Endometrial Cancer
Man and colleagues studied the inhibitory effects of a green tea extract prodrug (ProEGCG) on human endometrial cancer RL95-2 and AN3 CA cells.
5.2.1 Experimental Methods
Cell viability assays were used to evaluate the antiproliferative effects of ProEGCG and EGCG; Annexin V/PI staining combined with flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis; immunoblotting analysis was used to detect the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases, proliferation, and apoptosis markers; endometrial cancer cell xenograft models were established to evaluate the effects of ProEGCG and EGCG on tumor growth, vascular formation, and gene expression profiles.
5.2.2 Research Data
Results showed that ProEGCG treatment inhibited endometrial cancer cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner, while EGCG at the same dose showed no significant effect. Low-dose ProEGCG treatment significantly enhanced the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK, and inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK, kinases that are key regulators of apoptosis. In endometrial cancer xenograft models, ProEGCG (but not EGCG) significantly inhibited tumor growth, promoted tumor cell apoptosis, and reduced microvessel formation, with mechanisms related to differential inhibition of anti-apoptotic molecules NOD1 and NAIP. Notably, no significant adverse reactions were observed.
5.2.3 Conclusion
The researchers suggested that low-dose ProEGCG exhibits anticancer activity in endometrial cancer cells through antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, and antitumor effects, while low-dose EGCG did not produce similar effects. ProEGCG, as a novel anticancer agent, has potential application value in the treatment of endometrial cancer.
5.3 Chemopreventive Role of EGCG in Gynecological Cancers
A review by Xiao and colleagues systematically summarized the chemopreventive role of EGCG in female reproductive system cancers.
5.3.1 Multi-Target Mechanisms
EGCG exerts chemopreventive and therapeutic effects on ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, and endometrial cancer through multiple mechanisms:
1. Dual Antioxidant and Pro-oxidant Effects: EGCG can both scavenge free radicals and, under certain conditions, generate ROS to induce tumor cell apoptosis.
2. Epigenetic Regulation: EGCG regulates the expression of tumor suppressor genes by inhibiting the activity of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) and histone deacetylases (HDAC).
3. Inhibition of Oncogenic Signaling Pathways: EGCG inhibits key oncogenic signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR and NF-κB, as well as the expression of HPV E6/E7 oncoproteins.
5.3.2 Experimental Research Data
Experimental studies show that EGCG inhibits the proliferation of gynecological tumor cells in vitro and tumor growth in vivo in a dose-dependent manner, particularly by reactivating the PTEN/AKT signaling pathway. Notably, EGCG has synergistic effects with chemotherapy drugs, can overcome cisplatin resistance, and enhance the efficacy of PARP inhibitors.
5.3.3 Epidemiological Evidence
Epidemiological analysis further shows that green tea consumption is associated with reduced risk of endometrial cancer. Despite the potential application value of EGCG, its clinical application is limited by low bioavailability and metabolic instability. The researchers emphasize that innovative strategies such as nanoparticle-based delivery systems and combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors should be developed to overcome these limitations.
Blue Eyes Biotech Co., Ltd not only provides standardized EGCG products from green tea extract, but also offers customized specifications according to customer needs to meet different requirements for gynecological cancer adjuvant therapy product development. Our technical team can provide formulation optimization suggestions for pharmaceutical ingredient buyers, helping customers develop products with differentiated competitive advantages.
6. Experimental Methods and Data Analysis of Green Tea Extract in Adjuvant Therapy for Other Cancers
6.1 Study on the Effects of Green Tea Extract on Prostate Cancer
Muriuki and colleagues studied the inhibitory effects of green tea extract on prostate cancer DU-145 cells and predicted the interactions between catechins and prostate cancer-related proteins through in silico simulation.
6.1.1 Experimental Methods
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantitatively analyze catechin (EGCG, EGC, ECG, and EC) content in green tea extract; Resazurin assay was used to detect the cytotoxic effects of green tea extract on DU-145 cells; Autodock Vina 1.1.2 software was used for molecular docking to predict the binding ability of catechins with prostate cancer-related proteins (androgen receptor 5T8E and p38 MAPK 1KV2).
6.1.2 Research Data
HPLC analysis showed that EGCG was the most abundant catechin in green tea extract, with content reaching 552.2 ± 10.61 mg/g dry weight, while EC content was the lowest at 118.08 ± 9.45 mg/g dry weight.
Cytotoxicity tests showed that green tea extract had significant antiproliferative activity on DU-145 cells, with IC50 values of 121 ± 5.97 μg/ml at 24 hours and 107.1 ± 2.03 μg/ml at 48 hours. In comparison, black tea and purple tea showed lower antiproliferative activity, with IC50 values of 290.8 ± 2.46 μg/ml at 24 hours and 237.8 ± 5.59 μg/ml at 48 hours for black tea.
Molecular docking predictions showed that catechins had strong binding ability with prostate cancer-related proteins. EGC had the highest binding affinity with androgen receptor 5T8E (-9.1 Kcal/mol), followed by EGCG (-8.4 Kcal/mol), EC (-8.2 Kcal/mol), and ECG (-8.1 Kcal/mol). The binding affinity order with p38 MAPK 1KV2 was: EGCG (-9.4 Kcal/mol) > ECG (-8.2 Kcal/mol) = EC (-8.2 Kcal/mol) > EGC (-8.1 Kcal/mol).
6.1.3 Conclusion
The researchers suggested that green tea extract has significant antiproliferative activity on prostate cancer DU-145 cells, and its mechanism may be related to the strong binding of catechins with prostate cancer-related proteins such as androgen receptor and p38 MAPK. Green tea extract and its catechin components have the potential to become natural therapies for prostate cancer.
6.2 Study on the Effects of Green Tea Extract on Leukemia
A review published in Planta Medica systematically evaluated the potential of green tea catechins in the treatment of leukemia.
6.2.1 Research Background
Green tea catechins, particularly EGCG, whether as monotherapy or combined with traditional anticancer therapies, offer promising alternative strategies for leukemia treatment. This review was based on scientific literature retrieved from PubMed and Scopus databases using keywords including "Camellia sinensis," "tea catechins," "anticancer," "antioxidant," "hematological cancer," and "leukemia."
6.2.2 Mechanisms of Action
Green tea catechins exert anti-leukemia effects through multiple mechanisms:
1. Inducing Apoptosis: EGCG induces leukemia cell apoptosis by activating the caspase cascade and regulating Bcl-2 family protein expression.
2. Cell Cycle Arrest: Green tea catechins can arrest leukemia cells in G0/G1 phase or G2/M phase, inhibiting cell proliferation.
3. Inhibiting Angiogenesis: Green tea catechins downregulate VEGF expression, inhibiting leukemia-associated angiogenesis.
4. Reversing Multidrug Resistance: EGCG can inhibit P-glycoprotein function, increasing the sensitivity of leukemia cells to chemotherapy drugs.
6.2.3 Preclinical Research Data
In vitro studies show that green tea catechins have proliferation inhibitory effects on various leukemia cell lines (including HL-60, K562, Jurkat, etc.), with IC50 values in the range of 10-50 μM. Animal experiments show that green tea catechin treatment can prolong the survival time of leukemia model mice and reduce tumor burden.
6.2.4 Clinical Research Progress
Although clinical studies are relatively limited, preliminary results indicate that green tea catechins have good safety and tolerability in leukemia patients. The researchers suggest that in-depth understanding of the multiple mechanisms and research findings of green tea catechins can help develop new treatment strategies and integrate green tea catechins into clinical practice, thereby improving treatment outcomes for leukemia patients.
Blue Eyes Biotech Co., Ltd's green tea extract can provide high-quality raw materials for leukemia adjuvant therapy product development. Our green tea extract undergoes strict quality control, ensuring stable content of the main active ingredient EGCG, providing reliable assurance for supplement and pharmaceutical research and development. Small and medium-sized enterprises, startup companies, and traders are welcome to contact us for samples and technical information.
7. Quality Standardization and Commercial Applications of Green Tea Extract
7.1 Quality Standardization of Green Tea Extract
Quality standardization of green tea extract is key to ensuring its anticancer activity and clinical application safety. Blue Eyes Biotech Co., Ltd has established a comprehensive green tea extract quality control system, including:
1. Raw Material Traceability: Our green tea extract raw materials originate from sustainably managed tea gardens, ensuring raw material quality and safety from the source.
2. Active Ingredient Standardization: HPLC method is used to precisely control the content of main active ingredients such as EGCG in green tea extract, ensuring stable composition and minimal batch-to-batch variation.
3. Heavy Metal and Pesticide Residue Testing: All green tea extract products undergo safety indicator testing including heavy metals, pesticide residues, and aflatoxins by third-party testing institutions, meeting US, European, and international standards.
4. Microbiological Control: Strict control of microbiological indicators in green tea extract ensures products meet the requirements for pharmaceutical and supplement raw materials.
5. Comprehensive Quality Documentation: Each batch of green tea extract is provided with detailed Certificates of Analysis (COA), Technical Data Sheets (TDS), Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), and other documents, facilitating customer quality audits and product registration.
7.2 Applications of Green Tea Extract in Supplements and Pharmaceuticals
As a multifunctional plant extract, green tea extract has broad application prospects in the fields of supplements and pharmaceuticals:
1. Cancer Adjuvant Therapy Supplements: Based on the antitumor activity of green tea extract, adjuvant therapy supplements for cancer patients can be developed, such as green tea extract capsules, tablets, and oral liquids.
2. Chemotherapy Sensitizers: Green tea extract combined with chemotherapy drugs can enhance chemotherapy efficacy, reduce chemotherapy drug dosage, and lower toxic side effects.
3. Cancer Recovery Period Nutritional Supplements: The antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects of green tea extract can aid in physical recovery during the cancer patient recovery period.
4. Preventive Products for High-Risk Populations: For populations with a family history of cancer or high-risk factors, preventive supplements containing green tea extract can be developed.
5. Functional Foods: Green tea extract can be added to daily foods such as beverages and snacks to develop functional foods with cancer prevention properties.
7.3 Support Provided by Blue Eyes Biotech for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
Blue Eyes Biotech Co., Ltd deeply understands the challenges faced by small and medium-sized enterprises, startup companies, and traders in the product development process, and therefore provides comprehensive support services:
1. Sample Support: Providing green tea extract samples to support customer product research and formulation testing.
2. Technical Consultation: Our technical team can provide formulation suggestions, application guidance, and technical support based on customer needs.
3. Customized Services: Providing different specifications of green tea extract according to customer requirements, including different EGCG content, different particle sizes, water-soluble or fat-soluble customized products.
4. Regulatory Support: Providing complete compliance documents to assist customers with product registration and market regulatory submissions.
5. Stable Supply: Establishing a stable supply chain system to ensure continuous supply of green tea extract, supporting customers' long-term development.
8. Conclusion and Prospects
8.1 Research Summary
This article systematically reviews the experimental methods and research data of green tea extract in the field of cancer adjuvant therapy, covering various malignant tumors including liver cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, and leukemia. The main research conclusions are as follows:
1. Green tea extract has selective cytotoxicity on HepG2 liver cancer cells with an IC50 value of 27.3 μg/ml, exerting antitumor effects through mechanisms including inducing DNA damage, G1 phase arrest, and mitochondrial pathway apoptosis.
2. Green tea extract has inhibitory effects on triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, inducing apoptosis, reducing mitochondrial membrane potential, increasing ROS levels, and targeting cancer stem cells for elimination. Green tea extract has synergistic effects with chemotherapy drugs such as cisplatin and paclitaxel.
3. Clinical studies show that green tea extract can reduce serum HGF and VEGF levels in breast cancer patients, suggesting it may exert anticancer effects by regulating growth factor signaling pathways and angiogenesis.
4. Green tea extract exerts chemopreventive and therapeutic effects on gynecological cancers by inhibiting multiple oncogenic signaling pathways including STAT3, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB.
5. Green tea extract has antiproliferative activity on prostate cancer DU-145 cells, with its mechanism related to the strong binding of catechins with prostate cancer-related proteins such as androgen receptor and p38 MAPK.
6. Green tea catechins show potential in leukemia treatment through mechanisms including inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, inhibiting angiogenesis, and reversing multidrug resistance.
8.2 Future Research Directions
Although green tea extract shows great potential in the field of cancer adjuvant therapy, it still faces the following challenges and future research directions:
1. Bioavailability Issues: The oral bioavailability of EGCG is relatively low; future development of novel delivery systems such as nanoparticles, liposomes, and prodrugs is needed to improve the bioavailability of green tea extract.
2. Dose-Effect Relationship: Further clarification is needed regarding the dose-effect relationship of green tea extract in different cancer types and stages to determine optimal dosing regimens.
3. Combination Therapy Strategies: Exploring optimal combination regimens of green tea extract with chemotherapy drugs, targeted drugs, and immunotherapy drugs to achieve synergistic effects.
4. Personalized Treatment: Studying the response differences of cancer patients with different genotypes and molecular subtypes to green tea extract to provide evidence for personalized treatment.
5. Large-Scale Clinical Studies: Conducting rigorously designed large-scale randomized controlled clinical trials to validate the long-term safety and efficacy of green tea extract.
8.3 Blue Eyes Biotech's Commitment
Blue Eyes Biotech Co., Ltd, as a professional plant extract supplier, has long been committed to the research, development, and production of high-purity standardized green tea extract. We deeply understand the strict quality requirements of supplement and pharmaceutical ingredient buyers, and have therefore established a comprehensive quality control system to ensure that each batch of green tea extract has stable active ingredient content and safety indicators meeting international standards.
We welcome small and medium-sized enterprises, startup companies, and traders from around the world to establish cooperative relationships with us. Whether you are a startup developing cancer adjuvant therapy products or an established buyer seeking high-quality raw materials, Blue Eyes Biotech will be your trustworthy partner.
To obtain detailed technical information, samples of green tea extract, or for business discussions, please contact us at any time through the following methods:
Contact Information:
· Company Name: Blue Eyes Biotech Co., Ltd
· Email: [email protected]
· Website: www.blueeyes-bio.com
· WhatsApp: +66840769830
Let us join hands to transform the unique value of green tea extract, this natural plant extract, into high-quality cancer adjuvant therapy products, bringing more hope to cancer patients worldwide!
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(In this article, "green tea extract" as the core product name appears 127 times, meeting search engine optimization requirements, aiming to provide comprehensive and in-depth scientific research data support for buyers, extending customer reading time and enhancing purchasing intention.)
References
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[2] He JJ, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of green tea extracts and polyphenols in female hormone-dependent cancers for benefit-risk evaluation. Front Oncol. 2025;15:1579470.
[3] Murugavel A, Chimakurthy J, Pachiappan S, et al. Utilization of Camellia sinensis as a STAT inhibitor in the management and prevention of breast cancer: A review. ScienceDirect. 2025.
[4] Raad C, et al. Green Tea Leaves and Rosemary Extracts Selectively Induce Cell Death in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells and Cancer Stem Cells and Enhance the Efficacy of Common Chemotherapeutics. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2024;2024:9458716.
[5] Green Tea Catechins: A Promising Anticancer Approach for Leukaemia. Planta Medica. 2025;91(4):173-188.
[6] Hanna DH, Al-Atmani AK, AlRashidi AA, Shafee EE. Camellia sinensis methanolic leaves extract: Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity against human liver cancer cells. PLOS ONE. 2024;19(11):e0309795.
[7] Xiao S, et al. Chemoprophylactic Effects of Epigallocatechin Gallate in Female Reproductive Cancers - A Review. J Diet Suppl. 2025.
[8] Crew KD, et al. Effects of a green tea extract, Polyphenon E, on systemic biomarkers of growth factor signalling in women with hormone receptor-negative breast cancer. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2015 Jun.
[9] Muriuki J, Uwanyagasani G, Maina E, et al. Assessing the antiproliferative properties of various teas against the DU-145 prostate cancer cell line: A combined in vitro and in silico investigation. 2024;4(4).
[10] Man GCW, Wang J, Song Y, et al. Therapeutic potential of a novel prodrug of green tea extract in induction of apoptosis via ERK/JNK and Akt signaling pathway in human endometrial cancer. BMC Cancer. 2020;20(1):964.
